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A finite set of contraction maps 
 for 
, 2, ..., 
, each with a contractivity factor 
, which map
a compact Metric Space onto itself.  It is the basis for Fractal image compression techniques.
See also Barnsley's Fern, Self-Similarity
References
Barnsley, M. F.  ``Fractal Image Compression.''  Not. Amer. Math. Soc. 43, 657-662, 1996.
 
Barnsley, M.  Fractals Everywhere, 2nd ed.  Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1993.
 
Barnsley, M. F. and Demko, S. G.  ``Iterated Function Systems and the Global Construction of Fractals.''  
  Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 399, 243-275, 1985.
 
Barnsley, M. F. and Hurd, L. P.  Fractal Image Compression.  Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, 1993.
 
Diaconis, P. M. and Shashahani, M.  ``Products of Random Matrices and Computer Image Generation.''  
  Contemp. Math. 50, 173-182, 1986.
 
Fisher, Y.  Fractal Image Compression.  New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
 
Hutchinson, J.  ``Fractals and Self-Similarity.''  Indiana Univ. J. Math. 30, 713-747, 1981.
 
Wagon, S.  ``Iterated Function Systems.''  §5.2 in Mathematica in Action.  New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 149-156, 1991.